Radiography is a technique that uses radiation to create images of objects or materials that are not visible to the naked eye. This method has been widely used in various fields, from medicine to engineering, to detect internal structures and potential flaws.

In the medical field, radiography is commonly used to produce images of the human body, such as X-rays of bones, soft tissues, and organs. These images help doctors diagnose injuries, diseases, and other health conditions.

In industrial settings, radiography plays a crucial role in non-destructive testing (NDT). It allows inspectors to identify hidden defects or structural issues in materials, components, and equipment without damaging them. This is especially important in industries where safety and reliability are critical.

This article will explore the different applications of industrial radiography across various sectors. If you're interested in how radiography is used in healthcare, we recommend checking out this informative guide from the FDA.

[Industrial radiography is one of many non-destructive testing methods used by professionals. To learn more about NDT, check out our comprehensive guide here.]

[Note: Industrial radiography is sometimes referred to as industrial radiology.]

Radiographic testing used on a pipe

What Is Industrial Radiography?

Industrial radiography (IR) is a process that uses radiation—such as gamma rays or x-rays—to examine the internal structure of materials, components, or systems. It is a key tool for ensuring quality, safety, and compliance in manufacturing and maintenance operations.

Both gamma rays and x-rays are used in industrial radiography because they can penetrate through most materials. This makes it possible to inspect the inside of an object without physically altering it. The data collected during these inspections helps engineers and inspectors make informed decisions about the integrity of the material being tested.

Industrial radiography is primarily used in two ways:

• Manufacturers use it to detect internal defects in raw materials or finished products before they are put into service.

• Inspectors use it to evaluate the condition of industrial assets like pipelines, pressure vessels, and welds, ensuring they meet safety standards and regulatory requirements.

Industries such as automotive, aerospace, and energy frequently rely on radiographic testing to ensure the quality and safety of their products and infrastructure.

[Related read: What Is a Dosimeter and Why Is It Important?]

Other industries, such as oil and gas, power generation, and construction, also use radiography for inspection purposes, particularly when dealing with high-risk equipment like boilers, pipes, and welding joints.

An industrial boiler

Non-Destructive vs. Destructive Testing

One of the main advantages of industrial radiography is that it's a non-destructive testing (NDT) method. This means that the material being tested remains intact and undamaged after the procedure. Unlike destructive testing, which involves cutting, drilling, or otherwise altering the sample, NDT provides valuable information without compromising the integrity of the object.

For example, if you wanted to test for lead in paint, a destructive method would involve scraping off a portion of the paint, whereas a non-destructive approach might use a handheld scanner or other device that doesn't alter the surface.

Safety Considerations in Industrial Radiography

While industrial radiography is a powerful tool, it also carries certain risks due to the use of ionizing radiation. Radiation exposure, if not properly managed, can be harmful to workers and nearby personnel. That’s why strict safety protocols and regulations are in place for anyone involved in this type of work.

Industrial radiographers are among the highest-risk professions in the field of radiation work, which is why training, certification, and protective measures are essential. Safety is always a top priority in any radiography operation.

How Does Radiographic Testing Work?

Radiographic testing involves using radiation to inspect the internal structure of a material. The basic process includes the following steps:

• Direct the radiation. An inspector directs either x-rays or gamma rays toward the object being tested.

• Position the detector. A detector is placed on the opposite side of the object to capture the radiation that passes through it.

• Record the results. The detector records the intensity of the radiation that reaches it, creating a detailed image of the object's internal structure.

• Analyze the image. The recorded image, known as a radiograph, is analyzed to identify any flaws, cracks, or inconsistencies within the material.

The key benefit of this method is its ability to reveal hidden defects that would otherwise go unnoticed. By analyzing the differences in radiation absorption, inspectors can determine the structural integrity of the object being tested.

Types of Industrial Radiography Equipment

Industrial radiography relies on two main types of radiation: x-rays and gamma rays. Each type requires different equipment and is suited for specific applications.

Gamma Ray Radiography Equipment

Gamma ray radiography uses radioactive sources embedded in the equipment. This type of system is typically smaller and more portable, making it ideal for use in tight or confined spaces. However, since gamma ray sources cannot be turned off, they must be carefully shielded to protect workers from unnecessary exposure.

X-Ray Radiography Equipment

X-ray systems are generally larger and require a power source. They can be turned on and off, which makes them safer to use in environments where people are present. These systems are often used in large-scale industrial settings, such as factories and warehouses, for inspecting large components or structures.

Due to the potential hazards associated with radiation, the ownership, use, and transportation of radiography equipment are strictly regulated. In the U.S., the Nuclear Regulatory Commission oversees these activities and sets licensing requirements for operators.

Careers in Industrial Radiography

If you're considering a career in industrial radiography, there are several steps you need to take to get started.

• High school diploma or equivalent

• Completion of a certified training program in industrial radiography

What Does an Industrial Radiographer Do?

An industrial radiographer is responsible for using radiation to inspect materials, equipment, and structures for defects or flaws. They operate radiographic equipment, capture images, and analyze the results to determine the integrity of the object being tested.

These professionals often work with large, stationary assets such as pipelines, storage tanks, and power plant components. Their work is essential in maintaining the safety and efficiency of industrial systems.

Radiographic testing used on a weld in an aboveground pipe

Industrial radiographers must follow strict safety procedures to minimize radiation exposure. They often travel to job sites and may work in challenging environments, such as outdoor facilities or remote locations.

Salary and Job Outlook

The average annual salary for an industrial radiographer in the U.S. is around $54,000, according to ZipRecruiter. Salaries can vary depending on location, experience, and additional certifications.

Those who obtain extra qualifications, such as advanced NDT certifications, may have better earning potential and more job opportunities. As technology evolves, the demand for skilled radiographers is expected to grow, especially in industries that rely heavily on non-destructive testing.

[Learn more about certification requirements and training programs for industrial radiographers here.]

Drones and Industrial Radiography

Although drones are not yet widely used in industrial radiography, they are beginning to show promise in the field. One example is the DroneX, a drone developed by Pacific Imaging that is equipped with an x-ray imaging system.

This drone is used to inspect power line conductor sleeves, allowing inspectors to collect data without the need for manual access. This innovation reduces risk and improves efficiency in hard-to-reach areas.

Photo credit: Pacific Imaging

As drone technology continues to advance, we may see more integration of x-ray and other imaging systems, opening up new possibilities for remote and automated industrial inspections.

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